-
1 James River
1) Река в штате Вирджиния. Берет начало в Аппалачах [ Appalachian Mountains] от слияния рек Джексон [Jackson River] и Каупастчер [Cowpasture River], пересекает Голубой хребет [ Blue Ridge] в ущелье Железные ворота, Балконные водопады [Balcony Falls], плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau], полосу водопадов [ Fall Line] близ г. Ричмонда, впадает в залив Хамптон-Роудс [ Hampton Roads] у г. Ньюпорт-Ньюс, где ширина реки достигает 8 км. Длина 548 км. Главные притоки - Аппоматокс [Appomattox River] и Чикахомини [Chickahominy River]. Судоходна до г. Ричмонда. В нижнем течении расположены исторические памятники и музеи, связанные с первыми поселениями англичан в Северной Америке: г. Джеймстаун [ Jamestown], Национальный исторический заповедник колониальной эпохи [ Colonial National Historical Park]. По берегам р. Джеймс и ее притокам - места сражений Гражданской войны [ Civil War]2) Река в штатах Северная и Южная Дакота, самый длинный левый приток р. Миссури [ Missouri River]. Длина 1140 км, площадь бассейна 57,2 тыс. кв. км. Истоки на плато Миссури, течет параллельно восточному уступу Великих равнин [ Great Plains] в широкой долине. Несудоходна. Используется для орошенияEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > James River
-
2 James River
р. Джеймс (протекает no штату Вирджиния, впадает в залив Хамптон-Роудс Атлантического океана, протяжённость 548 км, ширина в устье 8 км) -
3 James River Reserve Fleet
Military: JRFУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > James River Reserve Fleet
-
4 James River Technical, Inc.
Trademark term: JRTIУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > James River Technical, Inc.
-
5 Missouri River
Правый приток р. Миссисипи [ Mississippi River]. Длина 4740 км, площадь бассейна 1370 кв. км (около 1/6 территории страны), самая длинная река США. Образуется на юго-востоке Монтаны путем слияния трех рек - Джефферсон [ Jefferson River], Галлатин [ Gallatin River] и Мэдисон [Madison River], берущих начало на восточных склонах Скалистых гор [ Rocky Mountains]. Главные притоки: правые - Йеллоустон [ Yellowstone River], Малая Миссури [ Little Missouri River], Шайенн [ Cheyenne River], Платт [ Platte River], Осейдж [ Osage River], Канзас [ Kansas River], левые - Милк [Milk River], Биг-Су [ Big Sioux River] и др. Верхнее течение (от истока до устья р. Милк [Milk River]) находится в Скалистых горах. В районе г. Грейт-Фолс река образует пороги и водопады. В среднем течении пересекает холмистое плато Миссури, часть Великих равнин [ Great Plains]. От устья р. Джеймс [ James River] начинается нижнее течение, проходящее по всхолмленной равнине. Река протекает через штаты Монтана, Северная Дакота и Южная Дакота, служит границей Айовы, Канзаса и Небраски. Миссури впадает в р. Миссисипи. Характерны весенне-летние половодья, наводнения, которые иногда принимают характер катастроф. На ее берегах стоят города Бисмарк [ Bismarck], Пирр [ Pierre], Омаха [ Omaha], Джефферсон-Сити [ Jefferson City], Канзас-Сити [ Kansas City] и др. Река была исследована экспедициями Ж. Маркетта [ Marquette, Jacques] и Л. Жолье [ Jolliet, Louis] (1673) и Льюиса и Кларка [ Lewis and Clark Expedition] (1804-05). Верховья реки, где жили индейцы Равнин [ Plains Indians], были исследованы трапперами [ trapper] только в 1820-х. В период Гражданской войны [ Civil War] интенсивно использовалась как транспортная артерия. В свое время сыграла важную роль в судьбе переселенцев в Канзас и Небраску. В настоящее время Миссури - важный источник энергии. Одно из прозвищ - Большая мутная река ["Big Muddy"]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Missouri River
-
6 Deas, James
[br]b. 30 October 1827 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. c.1900 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish civil engineer responsible for the River Clyde in the period of expansion around the end of the nineteenth century.[br]On completing his schooling, Deas spent some years in a locomotive manufacturing shop in Edinburgh and then in a civil engineer's office. He selected the railway for his career, and moved upwards through the professional ranks, working for different companies until 1864 when he became Engineer-in-Chief of the Edinburgh \& Glasgow Railway. This later became the North British Railway and after some years, in 1869, Deas moved to the Clyde Navigation Trust as their Engineer. For thirty years he controlled the development of this great river, and with imaginative vision and determined hard work he saw a trebling in revenue, length of quayage and water area under the Trust's jurisdiction. His office worked on a wide range of problems, including civil engineering, maintenance of harbour craft and the drafting of reports for the many Parliamentary Acts required for the extension of Glasgow Harbour. To understand the immensity of the task, one must appreciate that the River Clyde then had sixty-five shipyards and could handle the largest ships afloat. This had come through the canalization of the old meandering and shallow stream and the difficult removal of the river bed's rock barriers.[br]Bibliography1876, The River Clyde, Glasgow.Further ReadingJohn F.Riddell, 1979, Clyde Navigation, A History of the Development and Deepening of the River Clyde, Edinburgh: John Donald.FMW -
7 Eads, James Buchanan
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 23 May 1820 Lawrenceburg, Indiana, USAd. 8 March 1887 Nassau, Bahamas[br]American bridge-builder and hydraulic engineer.[br]The son of an immigrant merchant, he was educated at the local school, leaving at the age of 13 to take on various jobs, eventually becoming a purser on a Mississippi steamboat. He was struck by the number of wrecks lying in the river; he devised a diving bell and, at the age of 22, set up in business as a salvage engineer. So successful was he at this venture that he was able to retire in three years' time and set up the first glassworks west of the Ohio River. This, however, was a failure and in 1848 he returned to the business of salvage on the Ohio River. He was so successful that he was able to retire permanently in 1857. From the start of the American Civil War in 1861 he recommended to President Lincoln that he should obtain a fleet of armour-plated, steam-powered gunboats to operate on the western rivers. He built seven of these himself, later building or converting a further eighteen. After the end of the war he obtained the contract to design and build a bridge over the Mississippi at St Louis. In this he made use of his considerable knowledge of the river-bed currents. He built a bridge with a 500 ft (150 m) centre span and a clearance of 50 ft (15 m) that was completed in 1874. The three spans are, respectively, 502 ft, 520 ft and 502 ft (153 m, 158 m and 153 m), each being spanned by an arch. The Mississippi river is subject to great changes, both seasonal and irregular, with a range of over 41 ft (12.5 m) between low and high water and a velocity varying from 4 ft (1.2 m) to 12 1/2 ft (3.8 m) per second. The Eads Bridge was completed in 1874 and in the following year Eads was commissioned to open one of the mouths of the Mississippi, for which he constructed a number of jetty traps. He was involved later in attempts to construct a ship railway across the isthmus of Panama. He had been suffering from indifferent health for some years, and this effort was too much for him. He died on 8 March 1887. He was the first American to be awarded the Royal Society of Arts' Albert Medal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts Albert Medal.Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Publications.T.I.Williams, Biographical Dictionary of Science.IMcN -
8 Thomson, James
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 16 February 1822 Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland)d. 8 May 1892 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Irish civil engineer noted for his work in hydraulics and for his design of the "Vortex" turbine.[br]James Thomson was a pupil in several civil-engineering offices, but the nature of the work was beyond his physical capacity and from 1843 onwards he devoted himself to theoretical studies. Hhe first concentrated on the problems associated with the expansion of liquids when they reach their freezing point: water is one such example. He continued this work with his younger brother, Lord Kelvin (see Thomson, Sir William).After experimentation with a "feathered" paddle wheel as a young man, he turned his attention to water power. In 1850 he made his first patent application, "Hydraulic machinery and steam engines": this patent became his "Vortex" turbine design. He settled in Belfast, the home of the MacAdam-Fourneyron turbine, in 1851, and as a civil engineer became the Resident Engineer to the Belfast Water Commissioners in 1853. In 1857 he was appointed Professor of Civil Engineering and Surveying at Queen's College, Belfast.Whilst it is understood that he made his first turbine models in Belfast, he came to an arrangement with the Williamson Brothers of Kendal to make his turbine. In 1856 Williamsons produced their first turbine to Thomson's design and drawings. This was the Vortex Williamson Number 1, which produced 5 hp (3.7 kW) under a fall of 31 ft (9.4 m) on a 9 in. (23 cm) diameter supply. The rotor of this turbine ran in a horizontal plane. For several years the Williamson catalogue described their Vortex turbine as "designed by Professor James Thomson".Thomson continued with his study of hydraulics and water flow both at Queen's College, Belfast, and, later, at Glasgow University, where he became Professor in 1873, succeeding Macquorn Rankine, another famous engineer. At Glasgow, James Thomson studied the flow in rivers and the effects of erosion on river beds. He was also an authority on geological formations such as the development of the basalt structure of the Giant's Causeway, north of Belfast.James Thomson was an extremely active engineer and a very profound teacher of civil engineering. His form of water turbine had a long life before being displaced by the turbines designed in the twentieth century.[br]Bibliography1850, British patent no. 13,156 "Hydraulic machinery and steam engines".Further ReadingGilkes, 1956, One Hundred Years of Water Power, Kendal.KM -
9 Catawba River
Река в штатах Северная и Южная Каролина. Длина 480 км. Берет начало близ горы Митчелл [ Mitchell, Mount]. Течет в восточном направлении через водохранилища Джеймс [Lake James] и Родисс [Lake Rhodiss], затем через водохранилище Хикори [Lake Hickory]. Поворачивает на юг и течет через водохранилища Лукаут-Шолс [Lookout Shoals] и Норман [Lake Norman], протекает между г. Шарлотт и Гастония, образует границу между штатами, поворачивает на юго восток и впадает в водохранилище Уотерс [Lake Waters] (этот участок называется Уотери-ривер [Wateree River]). К югу от г. Колумбии, шт. Южная Каролина, сливается с р. Конгари [Congaree River]. Важный источник гидроэнергии.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Catawba River
-
10 Raisin River Massacre
истЭпизод англо-американской войны 1812-14 [ War of 1812]. После боя за г. Френчтаун (ныне г. Монро, шт. Мичиган) 22 января 1813 отряд американцев в количестве около 900 человек под командованием генерала Дж. Винчестера [Winchester, James] был вынужден сдаться в плен объединенным силам англичан и индейцев. Несмотря на обещанную англичанами защиту, раненые американские солдаты были уничтожены индейцами. Это событие всколыхнуло общественное мнение в стране и породило призыв к отмщению: "Помни о реке Рейзин!" ["Remember the River Raisin"].тж Raisin River, Battle ofEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Raisin River Massacre
-
11 Caird, Sir James
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 2 January 1864 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 27 September 1954 Wimbledon, London, England[br]Scottish shipowner and shipbuilder.[br]James Caird was educated at Glasgow Academy. While the connections are difficult to unravel, it is clear he was related to the Cairds of Greenock, whose shipyard on the Clyde built countless liners for the P \& O Company, and to the Caird family who were munificent benefactors of Dundee and the Church of Scotland.In 1878 Caird joined a firm of East India Merchants in Glasgow, but later went to London. In 1890 he entered the service of Turnbull, Martin \& Co., managers of the Scottish Shire Line of Steamers; he quickly rose to become Manager, and by 1903 he was the sole partner and owner. In this role his business skill became apparent, as he pioneered (along with the Houlder and Federal Lines) refrigerated shipping connections between the United Kingdom and Australia and New Zealand. In 1917 he sold his shipping interests to Messrs Cayzer Irvine, managers of the Clan Line.During the First World War, Caird set up a new shipyard on the River Wye at Chepstow in Wales. Registered in April 1916, the Standard Shipbuilding and Engineering Company took over an existing shipbuilder in an area not threatened by enemy attacks. The purpose of the yard was rapid building of standardized merchant ships during a period when heavy losses were being sustained because of German U-boat attacks. Caird was appointed Chairman, a post he held until the yard came under full government control later in the war. The shipyard did not meet the high expectations of the time, but it did pioneer standard shipbuilding which was later successful in the USA, the UK and Japan.Caird's greatest work may have been the service he gave to the councils which helped form the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich. He used all his endeavours to ensure the successful launch of the world's greatest maritime museum; he persuaded friends to donate, the Government to transfer artefacts and records, and he gave of his wealth to purchase works of art for the nation. Prior to his death he endowed the Museum with £1.25 million, a massive sum for the 1930s, and this (the Caird Fund) is administered to this day by the Trustees of Greenwich.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBaronet 1928 (with the title Sir James Caird of Glenfarquhar).Further ReadingFrank C.Bowen, 1950, "The Chepstow Yards and a costly venture in government shipbuilding", Shipbuilding and Shipping Record (14 December).FMW -
12 Brindley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 1716 Tunstead, Derbyshire, Englandd. 27 September 1772 Turnhurst, Staffordshire, England[br]English canal engineer.[br]Born in a remote area and with no material advantages, Brindley followed casual rural labouring occupations until 1733, when he became apprenticed to Abraham Bennett of Macclesfield, a wheelwright and millwright. Though lacking basic education in reading and writing, he demonstrated his ability, partly through his photographic memory, to solve practical problems. This established his reputation, and after Bennett's death in 1742 he set up his own business at Leek as a millwright. His skill led to an invitation to solve the problem of mine drainage at Wet Earth Colliery, Clifton, near Manchester. He tunnelled 600 ft (183 m) through rock to provide a leat for driving a water-powered pump.Following work done on a pump on Earl Gower's estate at Trentham, Brindley's name was suggested as the engineer for the proposed canal for which the Duke of Bridge water (Francis Egerton) had obtained an Act in 1759. The Earl and the Duke were brothers-in-law, and the agents for the two estates were, in turn, the Gilbert brothers. The canal, later known as the Bridgewater Canal, was to be constructed to carry coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley into Manchester. Brindley advised on the details of its construction and recommended that it be carried across the river Irwell at Barton by means of an aqueduct. His proposals were accepted, and under his supervision the canal was constructed on a single level and opened in 1761. Brindley had also surveyed for Earl Gower a canal from the Potteries to Liverpool to carry pottery for export, and the signal success of the Bridgewater Canal ensured that the Trent and Mersey Canal would also be built. These undertakings were the start of Brindley's career as a canal engineer, and it was largely from his concepts that the canal system of the Midlands developed, following the natural contours rather than making cuttings and constructing large embankments. His canals are thus winding navigations unlike the later straight waterways, which were much easier to traverse. He also adopted the 7 ft (2.13 m) wide lock as a ruling dimension for all engineering features. For cheapness, he formed his canal tunnels without a towpath, which led to the notorious practice of legging the boats through the tunnels.Brindley surveyed a large number of projects and such was his reputation that virtually every proposal was submitted to him for his opinion. Included among these projects were the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Rochdale, the Birmingham network, the Droitwich, the Coventry and the Oxford canals. Although he was nominally in charge of each contract, much of the work was carried out by his assistants while he rushed from one undertaking to another to ensure that his orders were being carried out. He was nearly 50 when he married Anne Henshall, whose brother was also a canal engineer. His fees and salaries had made him very wealthy. He died in 1772 from a chill sustained when carrying out a survey of the Caldon Canal.[br]Further ReadingA.G.Banks and R.B.Schofield, 1968, Brindley at Wet Earth Colliery: An Engineering Study, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.S.E.Buckley, 1948, James Brindley, London: Harrap.JHB -
13 Frost, James
[br]b. late 18th century Finchley (?), London, Englandd. mid-19th century probably New York, USA[br]English contributor to investigations into the making of hydraulic cements in the early nineteenth century.[br]As early as 1807 Frost, who was originally a builder and bricklayer in Finchley in north London, was manufacturing Roman Cement, patented by James Parker in 1796, in the Harwich area and a similar cement further south, at Sheerness. In the early 1820s Frost visited Louis J.Vicat (1796–1861) in France. Vicat was a French engineer who began in 1812 a detailed investigation into the properties of various limestones found in France. He later published his conclusions, which were that the best hydraulic lime was that produced from limestone containing clay incorporating silica and alumina. He experimented with adding different clays in varying proportions to slaked lime and calcined the mixture. Benefiting from Vicat's research, Frost obtained a patent in 1822 for what he called British Cement. This patent specified an artificial cement made from limestone and silica, and he calcined chalk with the clay to produce a quick-setting product. This was made at Swanscombe near Northfleet on the south bank of the River Thames. In 1833 the Swanscombe manufactory was purchased by Francis \& White for £3,500 and Frost emigrated to America, setting up practice as a civil engineer in New York. The cement was utilized by Sir Marc Brunel in 1835 in his construction of the Thames Tunnel, and at the same time it was used in building the first all-concrete house at Swanscombe for Mr White.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles. C.C.Stanley, 1979, Highlights in the History of Concrete, Cement and Concrete Association.DY -
14 McNeill, Sir James McFadyen
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 19 August 1892 Clydebank, Scotlandd. 24 July 1964 near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish naval architect, designer of the Cunard North Atlantic Liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth.[br]McNeill was born in Clydebank just outside Glasgow, and was to serve that town for most of his life. After education at Clydebank High School and then at Allan Glen's in Glasgow, in 1908 he entered the shipyard of John Brown \& Co. Ltd as an apprentice. He was encouraged to matriculate at the University of Glasgow, where he studied naval architecture under the (then) unique Glasgow system of "sandwich" training, alternately spending six months in the shipyard, followed by winter at the Faculty of Engineering. On graduating in 1915, he joined the Army and by 1918 had risen to the rank of Major in the Royal Field Artillery.After the First World War, McNeill returned to the shipyard and in 1928 was appointed Chief Naval Architect. In 1934 he was made a local director of the company. During the difficult period of the 1930s he was in charge of the technical work which led to the design, launching and successful completion of the great liners Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth. Some of the most remarkable ships of the mid-twentieth century were to come from this shipyard, including the last British battleship, HMS Vanguard, and the Royal Yacht Britannia, completed in 1954. From 1948 until 1959, Sir James was Managing Director of the Clydebank part of the company and was Deputy Chairman by the time he retired in 1962. His public service was remarkable and included chairmanship of the Shipbuilding Conference and of the British Ship Research Association, and membership of the Committee of Lloyd's Register of Shipping.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1954. CBE 1950. FRS 1948. President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1947–9. Honorary Vice-President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Military Cross (First World War).Bibliography1935, "Launch of the quadruple-screw turbine steamer Queen Mary", Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 77:1–27 (in this classic paper McNeill displays complete mastery of a difficult subject; it is recorded that prior to launch the estimate for travel of the ship in the River Clyde was 1,194 ft (363.9 m), and the actual amount recorded was 1,196 ft (364.5m)!).FMWBiographical history of technology > McNeill, Sir James McFadyen
-
15 Eads, James Buchanan
(1820-1887) Идс, Джеймс БьюкэненИзобретатель, судостроитель. Изобрел подводный спасательный колокол для подъема затонувших в реках судов. В начале Гражданской войны [ Civil War] построил речную флотилию из семи бронированных вооруженных пароходов для защиты западных рек. После войны построил мост [ Eads Bridge] (1867-74) через р. Миссисипи [ Mississippi River] в г. Сент-Луисе, затем канал в устье р. Миссисипи, благодаря которому г. Новый Орлеан стал глубоководным портомEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Eads, James Buchanan
-
16 Haggin, James Ben Ali
(1827-1914) Хэггин, Джеймс Бен АлиБизнесмен. Уроженец Кентукки, в 1850 переселился на Западное побережье, где открыл юридическую контору. К началу века владел крупными пакетами акций многих предприятий, в том числе золотых, серебряных и медных рудников, меднорудной компании "Анаконда" [ Anaconda Co.] в Монтане, крупными земельными участками, в частности в долинах Сан-Хоакин [San Joaquin Valley], Сакраменто [ Sacramento River] и в округе Керн [Kern County]. Создал там мощные ирригационные системы, заложил основы интенсивного сельского хозяйства. Оставил наследникам капитал примерно в 15 млн. долларовEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Haggin, James Ben Ali
-
17 Hammond, James Henry
(1807-1864) Хэммонд, Джеймс ГенриПолитический деятель, юрист, владелец крупных плантаций на р. Саванна [ Savannah River], один из первых политиков, кто открыто стал говорить о необходимости сецессии [ Secession] южных штатов. В 1835-36 - член Палаты представителей [ House of Representatives] от штата Южная Каролина. В 1842-44 - губернатор штата Южная Каролина. В 1857-60 - член Сената США [ Senate, U.S.]. В 1858 заявил: "Хлопок - наш король" [ Cotton is king]. По мере приближения кризиса и войны стал выражать сомнения в идее сецессии и высказываться в том духе, что Юг может добиться своих целей и в рамках Союза [ Union]. Поддерживая Конфедерацию [ Confederacy] во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War], был при этом критиком администрации Дж. Дэвиса [ Davis, Jefferson]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Hammond, James Henry
-
18 Robertson, James
(1742-1814) Робертсон, ДжеймсДеятель начального периода освоения Фронтира [ Frontier]. В 1771 привел поселенцев из Северной Каролины в Теннесси. Исследовал долину р. Камберленд [ Cumberland River]. В 1779 основал форт Нашборо [Fort Nashborough], вокруг которого вырос г. Нашвилл [ Nashville]. Участвовал в составлении конституции штата [ state constitution] Теннесси (1796)English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Robertson, James
-
19 Greathead, James Henry
[br]b. 6 August 1844 Grahamstown, Cape Colony (now South Africa)d. 21 October 1896 Streatham, London, England[br]British civil engineer, inventor of the Greathead tunnelling shield.[br]Greathead came to England in 1859 to complete his education. In 1864 he began a three-year pupillage with the civil engineer Peter W. Barlow, after which he was engaged as an assistant engineer on the extension of the Midland Railway from Bedford to London. In 1869 he was entrusted with the construction of the Tower Subway under the River Thames; this was carried out using a cylindrical wrought-iron shield which was forced forward by six large screws as material was excavated in front of it. This work was completed the same year. In 1870 he set himself up as a consulting engineer, and from 1873 he was Resident Engineer on the Hammersmith and Richmond extensions of the Metropolitan District Railway. He assisted in the preparation of several other railway projects including the Regent's Canal Railway in 1880, the Dagenham Dock and the Metropolitan Outer Circle Railways in 1881, a new line from London to Eastbourne and a number of Irish light railways. He worked on a bill for the City and South London Railway, which was built between 1886 and 1890; here compressed air was used to prevent the inrush of water, a method for tunnelling which was generally adopted from then on. He invented apparatus for the application of water to excavate in front of the shield as well as for injecting cement-grout behind the lining of the tunnel.He was joint engineer with Sir Douglas Fox for the construction of the Liverpool Overhead Railway, and held the same post with W.R.Galbraith on the Waterloo and City Railway; he was also associated with Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker in the construction of the Central London Railway. He died, aged 52, before the completion of some of these projects.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1896, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.O.Green, 1987, The London Underground: An Illustrated History', London: Ian Allan (in association with the London Transport Museum).P.P.Holman, 1990, The Amazing Electric Tube: A History of the City and South LondonRailway, London: London Transport Museum.IMcN -
20 Virginia
IШтат на востоке США, в группе Южно-Атлантических штатов [ South Atlantic States]. Официальное название Содружество Вирджиния [Commonwealth of Virginia]. Площадь 110,7 тыс. кв. км. Население - 7 млн. человек (2000). Столица Ричмонд [ Richmond]. Крупнейшие города - Алегзандрия [ Alexandria], Вирджиния-Бич [ Virginia Beach], Линчберг [ Lynchburg], Норфолк [ Norfolk], Ньюпорт-Ньюс [ Newport News], Портсмут [ Portsmouth], Роанок [ Roanoke], Хэмптон [ Hampton], Чесапик [ Chesapeake]. На востоке штат имеет выход к Атлантическому океану; полуостров Делмарва [ Delmarva Peninsula] отделен от основной территории штата Чесапикским заливом [ Chesapeake Bay]. На юге граничит со штатами Северная Каролина [ North Carolina] и Теннесси [ Tennessee]; на северо-востоке со штатом Мэриленд [ Maryland], на северо-западе с Западной Вирджинией [ West Virginia], на западе с Кентукки [ Kentucky]. Восточная часть штата, включая полуостров Делмарва, представляет собой заболоченную во многих местах низменность. К западу от побережья расположено невысокое холмистое плато Пидмонт [ Piedmont Plateau], расширяющееся к границе с Северной Каролиной, и Линия водопадов [ Fall Line]. Западная часть штата лежит в районе Аппалачских гор [ Appalachian Mountains], в состав которых входят плато Камберленд [ Cumberland Plateau] и Голубой хребет [ Blue Ridge], в том числе высшая точка штата гора Роджерс [ Rogers, Mount]. Наиболее крупные реки - Потомак [ Potomac River], Раппахэннок [ Rappahannock River], Джеймс [ James River], Шенандоа [ Shenandoah River] и Роанок [ Roanoke River]. На юго-востоке штата находится заболоченный район Дисмал [ Dismal Swamp] с оз. Драммонд [Drummond, Lake] в центре. Около 2/3 территории штата покрыто лесами. Климат умеренный, влажный, с жарким летом и мягкой зимой. Важнейшие виды полезных ископаемых - уголь, камень, песок, добыча которых ведется в основном в районе Аппалачей; имеются небольшие запасы нефти и газа. Государственный сектор является ведущим источником доходов для вирджинцев: многие жители штата работают в федеральных учреждениях в Вашингтоне или связаны с вооруженными силами. В штате размещены крупные военные и военно-морские базы. Развитие промышленности, начавшееся в 1840-е, было задержано Гражданской войной [ Civil War], но ускорилось к концу века, особенно вырос объем производства после второй мировой войны. Ныне наибольшую роль играют табачная, химическая, резиновая, пищевая и машиностроительная промышленность, включая производство электрооборудования и транспортное машиностроение. Промышленность сконцентрирована в крупных городах штата. Значительную роль играет деревообработка и связанные с ней отрасли, прежде всего производство мебели. Важное место занимают также туризм и сфера услуг. К основным сельскохозяйственным культурам относятся табак, кукуруза, соя, яблоки (в долине р. Шенандоа). Более половины стоимости товарной продукции сельского хозяйства составляет продукция животноводства, в котором преобладают крупный рогатый скот и овцеводство. Развито птицеводство; округ Рокингем [Rockingham County] - ведущий в США по производству мяса индеек. Вирджиния один из лидеров в рыболовстве и добыче продуктов моря (сельдь, крабы, устрицы). В штате развитой транспорт, в том числе сеть шоссейных и железных дорог. Хэмптон-Роудс [ Hampton Roads] - один из главных портов страны. В штате находятся обслуживающие г. Вашингтон и его пригороды аэропорты: Даллеса и Национальный [ Dulles International Airport, National Airport]. Штат имеет богатую событиями историю колониального периода [ Virginia Colony]; 25 июня 1788 Вирджиния стала десятым по счету и крупнейшим из первых тринадцати штатов США [ Thirteen Colonies]. После Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] Вирджиния долгое время играла ведущую роль в общественно-политической жизни молодого государства, внеся свой вклад в создание его конституционных основ и дав ему восемь президентов и плеяду видных политиков (одно из официальных прозвищ [ official nickname] штата - Колыбель президентов [ Mother of Presidents]). Так называемая Вирджинская резолюция [Virginia Resolution], составленная в 1798 Дж. Мэдисоном [ Madison, James], наряду с кентуккийской [ Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions] создала почву для широкого обсуждения в стране вопроса о правах штатов [ states' rights]. Экономика сельскохозяйственного штата с преобладаем монокультуры хлопка упрочила здесь институт рабства, но после восстания под предводительством Н. Тернера [ Nat Turner's Rebellion] (1831) законодательное собрание штата было близко к отмене рабства; на западе штата традиционно были сильны аболиционистские настроения. Перед Гражданской войной одним из знаменательных событий в конфликте Севера и Юга стал поход Дж. Брауна [ Brown, John] на Харперс-Ферри (1859). 25 апреля 1861 штат официально вступил в состав Конфедерации [ Confederate States of America], а Ричмонд стал ее столицей. В 1863 от штата отделилась западная часть, которая стала самостоятельным штатом Западная Вирджиния. Вирджиния фактически стала основной ареной масштабных и кровопролитных сражений войны, в том числе битв при Бул-Ране [ Bull Run, First Battle of, Bull Run, Second Battle of], Питерсберге [Petersburg, Battles of], Фредериксберге [ Fredericksburg, Battle of], на Полуострове [ Peninsular Campaign] и в долине Шенандоа [ Shenandoah Valley Campaigns]. В ней же был положен и конец войне: 9 апреля 1865 в поселке Аппоматокс [ Appomattox Court House] генерал Р. Ли [ Lee, Robert Edward] подписал документ о капитуляции. В период Реконструкции [ Reconstruction] во главе штата стояли радикальные республиканцы [ Radical Republicans]. Вирджиния была вновь принята в состав Союза в 1870. Начиная с 1880-х власть принадлежала преимущественно консервативным демократам, занимавшим высшие посты в период 1885-1969. На протяжении нескольких десятилетий главной политической фигурой штата был его губернатор (1926-33), а затем сенатор (1933-65) от Вирджинии Г. Бирд [Byrd, Harry Flood]. 1950-е ознаменованы конфликтами с федеральными властями, вызванными сопротивлением десегрегации [ integration], которое выражалось главным образом в закрытии десегрегированных "сверху" государственных школ. Провал этого противодействия и признание неконституционным подушного избирательного налога [ poll tax] привели к изменениям результатов выборов. В 1967 впервые с 1891 в законодательное собрание штата был избран негр, а в 1969 впервые со времен Реконструкции штат возглавил губернатор-республиканец. В 1989 впервые в истории США на пост губернатора штата был избран афро-американец Л. Уайлдер [ Wilder, Lawrence Douglas]. В течение трех последних десятилетий вирджинцы преимущественно голосуют за республиканцев. Законодательное собрание корнями связано с созданной в 1619 колониальной Палатой горожан [House of Burgesses].II разгПервые плантации табака появились в колонии Вирджиния [ Virginia Colony] в начале XVII в. по инициативе Дж. Рольфа [ Rolfe, John]. Штат до сих пор лидирует по выращиванию табака и производству табачных изделий
См. также в других словарях:
James River — ist der Name mehrerer Flüsse: Kanada: James River (Red Deer River), Alberta James River (West River), Nova Scotia James River (Hood River), Nunavut USA: James River (Missouri River), Fluss in North und South Dakota James River (Table Rock Lake),… … Deutsch Wikipedia
James river — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. La James River est le nom de plusieurs rivières aux États Unis d Amérique. James River (Dakota du Nord, Dakota du Sud) James River (Virginie) Ce document… … Wikipédia en Français
James River — James River, Fluß im Staate Virginia (Nordamerika), welcher an der Grenze der Grafschaften Alleghany u. Botetourt aus der Vereinigung der Cowpasture u. Jackson s Rivers entsteht; fließt südlich, durchbricht die Gebirgszüge des innern Virginien,… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
James River — (spr. dschēms riwwer), Fluß im nordamerikan. Staat Virginia, entsteht unter 39°30 nördl. Br. in dem Alleghanygebirge aus dem Jackson und Cow Pasture River, durchbricht die Blaue Kette mit starker Wasserkraft in den schönen Balkony Fällen und ist… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
James River — [ dʒeɪmz rɪvə], Fluss in Virginia, USA, 547 km lang, entspringt im Alleghenygebirge, durchfließt in südlicher Richtung einen Teil des Großen Appalachentals, durchbricht die Blue Ridge, überwindet in Wasserfällen und Stromschnellen die Fall… … Universal-Lexikon
James River — The James River may refer to:;Rivers in the United States and their namesakes* James River (Dakotas), North Dakota, South Dakota * James River (Missouri) * James River (Virginia) ** James River (Amtrak), a passenger train along Virginia s James… … Wikipedia
James River — I River, Virginia, U.S. Formed by the junction of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers, it flows east across the Blue Ridge and past Richmond, then southeast to enter Chesapeake Bay through Hampton Roads after a course of 340 mi (550 km). The… … Universalium
James River — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. La James River est le nom de plusieurs rivières aux États Unis d Amérique. James River (Dakota du Nord, Dakota du Sud) James River (Virginie) Catégorie :… … Wikipédia en Français
James River — Sp Džemsas Ap James River Sp Dakòtų ùpė Ap Dakota River L u. JAV (Š. ir P. Dakota) … Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė
James River plantations — were established in the Virginia Colony along the James River between the mouth at Hampton Roads and the head of navigation at the fall line where Richmond is today. History The colony struggled for five years after its establishment at Jamestown … Wikipedia
James River (Chesapeake Bay) — James River Einzugsgebiet des James River (hervorgehoben) Daten Gewässerkennzahl … Deutsch Wikipedia
